Literature Review on Sponsorship Essay example - 2715 Words

Literature review on Sponsorship Module title: Integrated Marketing Communication Kingston University, Faculty of Business and Law Academic Year 2012/2013 Introduction Sponsorship as a communication form can contribute significantly to a company by building brand awareness and heighten consumer attitudes (Cornwell et al., 2006). However, the effect of sponsorship is dependent on the public being aware of the sponsor-sponsee relationship. This review aims to determine how the perception of fit between the two influences the agreement, and factors potentially affecting this perception. The review starts with looking at overall perception, before continuing to discuss challenges related to the topic. Perception of fit within†¦show more content†¦Perception of ‘natural fit’ A ‘good fit’ or ‘natural fit’, is when the sponsor-sponsee linkage is obvious or clear to the public (Becker-Olson and Simmons, 2002) i.e. Adidas sponsoring the Olympics. Some benefits have already been stated, and researchers (Weeks et al. 2008, Cornwell et al. 2006, Keller 1993, Gwinner et al. 2009, Becker-Olson and Simmons 2002) agree that a natural sponsorship fit is preferable, with supported arguments ranging from more favourable marketing outcomes and higher sponsor identification (Weeks et al., 2008). In Chien and Cornwell’s (2011) opinion, brand image may even depend on a good fit, because it is directly tied to consumer associations, or as Keller (1993, P: 11) explains, â€Å"when the brand becomes linked with the event, some of the associations with the event may become indirectly associated with the brand†. A ‘natural fit’ also limits questioning around the sponsor’s motive and reasons for sponsoring an event (Be cker-Olson and Simmons, 2002). However, an exception given by Hamlin and Wilson (2004) is that the perception of ‘good fit’ often is too loosely defined, as the definition only relates to associations and general similarities in values between sponsor and sponsee, without any evidence to back-up these assumptions. Their research also found that motives behind a sponsorship could be questioned if the fit was believed to be ‘too good’, as the public might see the agreement asShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to Sports Sponsorship1103 Words   |  5 Pageshearts using sponsorships as another way to promote their brands (Heismith, 1994). As defined by Cornwell et al. 2005), ‘’Sponsorships are a growing communication form, and are defined by a sponsor (i.e. a brand or firm) providing cash and/or other compensation in exchange for access to an object’s commercial potential (i.e. exposure and association with the cause, event, organisation or individual related to a sport, cultu ral, and/or non-profit entity)’’. Benett (1999) adds that, Sponsorships ‘’seek toRead MoreWomen and Sports1522 Words   |  7 PagesReview of Literature Thesis There is a definite correlation between the economics of professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s sports and their ultimate success. As most success in sport leagues, teams and associations are measured by longevity, win/loss records, and most importantly, revenue, the footprint of female competition at the professional level has not been paramount at any point in our history. Professional women ¡Ã‚ ¦s athletics is characterized by an economic model and a level of acceptance amongstRead MoreReview Of Getting Bang For The Buck Sports Sponsorships Essay923 Words   |  4 Pages Literature Review Title: Getting Bang for the Buck in Sports Sponsorships Type of source: Website Objective as it evaluates data Author: Jeremy Gregg Date: 1 March 2015 Author background information: Jeremy Gregg is a 3 times TED X speaker dealing with entrepreneurial ventures. Website address: http://directsellingnewscom/index.php/view/getting_bang_for_the_buck_in_sports_sponsorships#.VyeUE2_KHIY Summary In this source Jeremy Gregg discusses the reasons for theRead MoreUse of Integrated Marketing Communications in the Fast Food Industry1691 Words   |  7 Pagespromotion, personal selling, direct marketing and public relations) rather than separate practices to create values and avoid potential conflicts (Duncan Everett, 1993). In fast food industry, fast food chains integrate advertising, sale promotion, sponsorship, packaging and Internet to promote their products as well as build brand image (Sperber, 2003; Story French, 2004; Morrison, 2010). Advertising is most used form of communication and the most frequently utilized medium due to it easily contactRead MoreSmoking Cessation in New Zealand1626 Words   |  6 Pagesdiseases. LITERATURE REVIEW INTRODUCTION: Cigarettes smoking is the most concerning issue in New Zealand and it responsible for bringing about 5000 preventable deaths every year and likewise other serious ailments in New Zealand (Health Sponsorship Council, 2009). Undoubtedly the rate of smoking is diminishing from past years, but yet it needs more observing and efforts to stop smoking and make a smoke free New Zealand. Smoking is a very broad subject. In this literature review, I will mainlyRead MoreHow Productive Were The Strategies And Policies Presented By Different Parties1063 Words   |  5 Pageseducation. Aim: The aim of the research is to investigate usefulness of each strategy and to outline the strongest. There will be presented an analysis of the policies developed by each party with examination of its strength and weaknesses. Literature review: During the period from 1979 to 2015 the education system was in hands of different ruling parties: The Conservatives, the New Labor and the Coalition. All of them used variable techniques to improve schooling and education. There will also beRead MoreSample Research Paper1642 Words   |  7 Pagescontribution. In short, what you are answering is will it work? A provisional way of presenting all the parameters of research in logical order is known as proposal-writing stage. Irrespective of some other motives such as financial grants, sponsorships, academic proposal, writing a proposal in itself is a useful practice. Research proposal is a brief (up to two pages) overview of your research paper, giving the reader sufficient information about the work you ve done, about the way you didRead MoreA Review On Corporate Sponsorship1654 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Sponsorship in Present days A Review of the Literature Geetha Mounica Perla Fairleigh Dickinson University, Teaneck, NJ 07601 Author Note This paper was prepared for EPS 5119-87, taught by Professor Cynthia Sobreiro. 2 Abstract Corporations provide nonprofits with budgetary support, and consequently, nonprofits provide corporations with positive PR and increase in business. In a Fortune Magazine article, writer Shalene Gupta calls attention to that both sides can be the reasonRead MoreDissertation on Retention8249 Words   |  33 Pagesthis Article also downloaded: * David Clutterbuck, (2004),Making the most of informal mentoring: A positive climate is key, Development and Learning in Organizations, Vol. 18 Iss: 4 pp. 16 - 17 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777280410544574 (2004),Review articles Getting the best out of workplace mentoring: More help for the helper, Development and Learning in Organizations, Vol. 18 Iss: 5 pp. 20 - 22 http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/14777280410554979 Sandy Bond, (2011),Barriers and drivers to green buildingsRead MoreFormula One24819 Words   |  100 PagesFORMULA ONE SPONSORSHIPS AS A FACTOR IN ENHANCING BRAND IMAGE AND BRAND AWARENESS FOR GLOBAL COMPANIES ABSTRACT During the last decade, Formula One Grand Prix races have attracted extensive media expo-sure, turning the event into an ideal platform for companies operating in the global market. The major branding opportunities, offered by Formula One teams have magnetised billions of sponsorship dollars. This dissertation investigates the cause/effect relationship between Formula One sponsor-

Parenting Styles and Culture - 1378 Words

Given the diverse cultures that can shape parenting behavior, some basic assumptions regarding the links between parenting styles and developmental outcomes may not be universal. Much research has been conducted on the different parenting styles across cultures. There are also many myths about which parenting style is the best or the most beneficial to the social development of children. Reviewing past literature on this subject matter reveals that the authoritarian parenting style produced more overt aggression and many more social interaction difficulties among young children. Recent research point to the theory that the best parenting style is dictated by the culture in which it is practiced. A study by Whaley (2000) states that†¦show more content†¦Less responsiveness (for mothers and fathers) and maternal coercion positively correlated with relational aggression. Some of these associations differed for boys versus girls. Marital conflict was also linked to more overt and relational aggression for boys. When entered into the same statistical model, more marital conflict (for boys only), more maternal coercion, and less paternal responsiveness were found to be the most important contributors to overt and relational aggression in younger Russian children. Similar to Western findings, the results of this research supports the idea that the absence of positive parenting is as important in the development of childhood behavior problems directed toward peers as is the presence of negative parenting. In terms of the development of aggression, lack of Russian paternal responsiveness and more maternal coercion remained significant contributors to overt and relational aggression, regardless of which other parenting style or marital hostility variables that they were pitted against in the regressions. Although this supports prior work concerning relationships between maternal coercion and aggression, it highlights the importance of paternal responsiveness that involves positive, playful, and engaging interactions in childrens social development. It is interesting that only maternal (and not paternal) psychological control was found to significantly correlate with RussianShow MoreRelatedParenting Styles Across Cultures2602 Words   |  11 PagesIntroduction Parenting styles have been widely defined by Baumrind into three categories, authoritative, authoritarian and permissive. Parenting styles can be defined as a pattern of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. These styles are categorized based on the level of nurturance, parental control and level of responsiveness (Dwairy, 2004). Authoritative style exhibits high levels of demand, responsiveness and nurturance; authoritarian style exhibits highRead MoreParenting Styles in Differnt Cultures2804 Words   |  12 PagesParenting Styles in Different Cultures Elizabeth L. Walsh Psychology 223 Parenting style is one of many factors that strongly influence child development. One’s choice of parenting style is most often molded by their cultural background. American parents use a myriad of parenting styles, all of which have their roots in various cultural beliefs about which method is best to raise a child. In 1971, clinical and developmental psychologist, Diana Baumrind, recognized three different categories ofRead MoreParenting Styles And Culture Of The Western Societies2151 Words   |  9 Pagesdiffering cultures may use the same style of child rearing methods, their results may differ. The results are dependent on other factors such as the â€Å"psychosocial environmental structure, socioeconomic factors, and population factors† (Raj Raval, 2013, p. 168, para. 2). Parenting is influenced by culture in both Western and non-Western societies (Mothander Wang, 2014). While one parenting style may be appropriate for the culture of the Western society, it may not be an effective parenting styleRead MoreParenting Styles : A Parenting Style And Made A New System For Classifying Parents848 Words   |  4 Pagesspecific parenting style. A parenting style is a psychological concept based on regular strategies that parents use while raising their children. Parenting is a complicated occupation that requires many different skills that work in concert to influence a child’s behavior. Parental responsibilities start after the birth of the first child, and they impact the child’s overall life. Parents usually develop their parenting styles based on their cultures. This situation happened because culture influencesRead MoreCross-Cultural Differences Between Asian American Parenting1397 Words   |  6 PagesBetween Asian American Parenting Styles To compare, another study, by Cindy Lin and Fu (1990) compared and contrasted the parenting styles amongst Chinese, Immigrant Chinese, and Caucasian-American parents. The study was conducted on mothers and fathers of 138 kindergarteners, and first and second graders in the USA and Taiwan. This study researched the parental authoritativeness, academic achievement, and independence encouragement amongst the two cultures, and parenting styles through the use ofRead MoreAbstract Behavioral Development Is A Crucial Part Of Human1289 Words   |  6 Pagesreliant on on many environmental factors which include one’s parents, siblings, peers, schooling and culture. According to Jacqueline J. Goodnow, these parental factors are often dependent on the culture in which the person was raised. The two parental factors that have a negative effect on a child’s behavioral and psychological development are the parents use of control and rejection. These parenting styles can lead to a child internalizing and externalizing their problems. When a child internalizesRead MoreDifferent Types Of Parenting Styles1495 Words   |  6 PagesParenting styles have been described by Diana Baumrind into four categories, authoritative, authoritarian, neglectful, and indulgent parenting (Santrok 461). Parenting styles can be defined as patterns of attitudes in how parents choose to express and communicate with their children. This paper will examine the different type of parenting styles as it relates to ethnicity and various cultures. What exactly is ethnicity and culture? The Oxford Dictionary defines ethnicity as â€Å"the fact or state ofRead MoreIndian Parents Changing Their Parenting Styles761 Words   |  4 PagesNot only has the lack of knowledge of culture has changed because of Indian parents changing their parenting styles, but also how the kids are not close to their families as parents change from an authoritarian to permissive parenting styles. In India, when a new child is born the full village is taking care of the child. As the child gets older, he/she is still close to the full village because he became familiar with them, and they acted like his second family, although they are probably not relatedRead MoreParenting Styles And Their Effects On Children1572 Words   |  7 PagesParenting Styles and Their Effects on Children Parents play a key role in their children’s lives, including supervision, involvement, love, support, comfort, and a wide variety of discipline and punishment. The relationship between parenting styles and child is vital and impacts the child’s physical, mental, and emotional well-being. Parenting involves two dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness sometimes referred to as control and warmth. With the use of these dimensions four parenting stylesRead MoreA Brief Note On Culture And Parenting Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesMichael Ibiwoye. CULTURE AND PARENTING â€Å"Mommy I won’t do it again† I stuttered loudly. I really didn’t know how serious I was about that promise, but my body definitely knew it didn’t want to receive any form of whipping again. That was the first time of getting whipped by my mom, and I was only four years old. I remember wishing death upon myself, with every stroke of my father’s belt on my body. What was I thinking when I went to the bathroom on the front porch of the house? I was probably thinking

Admission to college Free Essays

The world is fast becoming a borderless place.   Cultures, races, beliefs and ideologies are blend together and interact because of the growing advances in communications.   In order to succeed in this world, one needs to be able to adapt to the various cultural differences as well as be able to maintain a certain sense of individual identity. We will write a custom essay sample on Admission to college or any similar topic only for you Order Now    This is one of the main reasons why I think the (insert name of college here) is the best place for me to cultivate and develop my talents. Life has been challenging for me to say the least.   Unlike many who have gotten many opportunities in life, most of my opportunities have been the result of my hard work.   When I graduated from Columbia-Greene Community College in December 2006 with an Associate in Science Degree, I have to admit that it was one of the proudest moments of my life.   After all these years, the hard work and perseverance that I put in finally paid off and I was able to get the reward that I deserved. It may not seem like a big accomplishment for many people but that day marked the culmination of the years that I put in and the verified my success in the face of the many various challenges that I faced along the way.   It does not appear on any transcript or college record but the fact that I am most proud of is that I accomplished all of this while being a single mother of two very lovely children. They say that college life is very challenging and that the only way to succeed and get high grades in college is by being a full time student.   While I would have wanted to have that same opportunity, I had to do it the hard way; being instead a part time student and a full time mother. Despite these challenges, I was able to remain on the President’s List of outstanding students for the Spring and Fall of 2006 academic semesters.   I constantly maintained excellent grades and also found time to do extra-curricular activities such as participate in the Phi Theta Kappa Sorority where I took part and handled a number of community outreach programs. As I mentioned earlier, the world is changing fast and there are many challenges that lie ahead of me.   I understand that the best way to deal with those challenges is to be prepared and I firmly believe that this (insert name of university here) is the best training ground.   Equipped with a Masteral Degree in Business Administration, I know that I will be able to become much more and be prepared for the challenges that I will encounter. I am currently working full time at the moment in order to prepare financially for college which I will be attending full time should I be accepted to this prestigious University.   Since this is the case, I am hoping that an adult online study course will be able to supplement my quest for knowledge and self-improvement for the meantime. In time, I hope to not only create a better future for myself through the help of a fine education but also to create a better future for my two young children who have the whole world ahead of them. While I personally believe that â€Å"there is no such thing as a free lunch† and that everything a person has in life must come from hard work and perseverance, I also believe in charity.   I believe in helping others who do not have much in life. I believe in helping people regardless of their nation, race or creed.   I believe in being a better person so I can best help myself and others around me.   I believe that the (Insert name of university here) is the best place for me to turn these beliefs into realities. How to cite Admission to college, Essays

The Legalization of Prostitution in the Netherlands free essay sample

A history of the legalization process of prostitution in the Netherlands. This paper reviews the process of legalizing prostitution in the Netherlands. It looks at the history of prostitution in the region, tracing the views of the prohibitionists and the abolitionists, citing the Dutch Morality Act and the Dutch Brothel Act of 1911 and following the development of the regulation of the trade through to the modern day. The history of the Netherlands and the mentality shared by both the government and the citizens is a major aspect of the countrys legalization of prostitution. For centuries, Rotterdam, was known as one of the most prominent European ports. With thousands of sailors passing through the Dutch city, the existence of prostitution in the area was uncontrollable. Unlike many countries during the same time, the Dutch government chose to stay out of the sex lives of their citizens and therefore prostitution seemed to exist in a grey area of Dutch society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Legalization of Prostitution in the Netherlands or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The open tolerance of prostitution continued until the religious Calvinist revolution in the early 1900s. This religious upheaval created open debates on the effect of prostitution on the moral standards of society. Two schools of thought emerged in the debate, the prohibitionists and the abolitionists.

Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essays

Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essays Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essay Asian Experiences and Immigration to America Essay In the 1800s. a common battle exists for Asiatic Americans in the United States. specifically the Chinese and Japanese. The term. individuality is recognized through legion events overtime and these events include the function of Asiatic Americans determining the history of America. It took countless old ages for early Chinese and Nipponese persons to be accepted into American life styles. allow entirely be acknowledged of their ain individualities. There are many similarities. yet many differences between Chinese and Nipponese communities. as shown in Hisaye Yamamoto’s short narrative Seventeen Syllables and Ronald Takaki’s excerpt Gam Saan Haak . Hisaye Yamamoto’s Seventeen Syllables expresses the significance behind troubles faced by Nipponese immigrants to the United States. every bit good as the racial separation between these immigrants and their households. The Nipponese immigrant experience many obstructions. such as poorness and unstable matrimonies. Yamamoto’s narrative implicates a adolescent and her female parent. Tome Hayashi who takes an involvement in composing haiku for the Nipponese linguistic communication paper in San Francisco. Her girl nevertheless is practically illiterate to talking Japanese. which is dry since that is her civilization and furthermore. fails to understand the haiku her female parent writes. See Rosie. she said. it was a haiku. a verse form in which she must pack all the significance into 17 syllables ( Yamamoto 154 ) . This is an interesting facet in a sense that while Tome expresses her relevancy on haikus. Rosie pretends to understand the construct and significances of her mother’s acquisition. but realistically she refuses to grok. More significantly. Tome Hayashi merely took an involvement in haiku to get the better of everything that she went through. The truth was revealed when Tome admits to stating Rosie of her yesteryear. As her female parent told her the narrative. Tome remained in control of her life. which is highly hard after garnering that she faced atrocious memories. Rosie was shocked to believe such things. Her female parent. at 19. had come to America and married her male parent as an option to suicide ( 162 ) . Before her male parent. her female parent had met a lover. but merely did she cognize that her lover already had an arranged matrimony by his household. Many of these married twosomes are unsuited for one another and normally. forced to be with one another. Another of import significance is that these jobs were concealed from their kids. which is why Rosie had no thought until the terminal of the narrative. Defeated about her yesteryear. Tome asks Rosie to assure neer to get married and neer be blinded by immature love affair. The narrative portrayed an intergenerational struggle between first coevals and 2nd coevals. What Rosie went through may non hold the same result as her female parent did. Ronald Takaki’s excerpt Gam Saan Haak demonstrates Chinese immigrants as travelers to Gold Mountain ( Takaki 80 ) . Due to difficult economic times. authorities corruptness and lack in China. forced many work forces to prosecute chances overseas. such as the reaching in California. This separated many work forces from their households because there was a control of migration to America. Chinese adult females were excluded by the jurisprudence. which show marks of bias. but alternatively were marked as laundry workers. which was a woman’s occupation ( Takaki 93 ) . Furthermore. Chinese worked in a assortment of businesss: they were housekeepers. retainers. washwomans. dressmakers. cobblers. cooks. mineworkers and fisherwomen. But overpoweringly. particularly in the early old ages. Chinese adult females were prostitutes ( Takaki 121 ) . There were tonss of employments for the Chinese adult females. but most of them were in a status of debt. therefore they turned to the function of being cocottes. Lifes for the cocottes were unreliable because they were beaten on occasions and looked down on based on their position. However. they were tremendously profitable for their proprietors. Since adult females are incapable of working in heavy labour force. it had caused work forces to go off from place to do some money. A great figure of Chinese immigrants came up with the same program to migrate to America. doing the Chinese to do up 25 per centum of the work force. At first they were making great. having concerns such as a tradesman and merchandiser. while some are craftsmans. husbandmans and labour contractors. However. the Americans did non like how the Chinese are taking over their land. A public violence broke out between Americans and Asiatic Americans over the riddance of competition from foreign mineworkers. Takaki generates in his narrative the ultimate solution to forestall Asiatic immigrants from progressing any longer in the work force. To halt the menace. the commission recommended the passage of a foreign miners’ licence tax ( Takaki 81 ) . This signifier of bitterness towards the Chinese was highly unjust. The racial intent of this new revenue enhancement was crystalline: aimed chiefly at the Chinese. this new revenue enhancement required a monthly payment of three dollars from every foreign mineworker who did non want to hold become a citizen ( Takaki 82 ) . This jurisprudence imposed on the immigrants was chiefly an act to drive away Chinese immigrants and take away their concerns. Slowly after. lives for the Chinese have become progressively hard. Alternatively of having concerns. some have to form themselves into little groups. Chinese people were marked as inferior people among the white Americans . A common connexion between the Chinese and Nipponese is that adult females are normally restricted from their work forces of the same civilization. doing Chinese and Nipponese work forces to travel for adult females other than their traditional civilization. This normally leads to work forces get marrieding a white adult female. in add-on to holding a household together. interim losing all cultural traditions. Furthermore. when the jurisprudence was passed that Asiatic immigrants are allowed into the United States. they were stopped with the Asian Exclusion Act. where they are sojourned from migration and naturalisation. The changeless racial favoritism against Asians has become the chief statement behind these immigrants’ experiences. Many immigrants hoped to travel to America. wishing to accommodate to American civilization and life styles and believing that it is possible to be white . However. they were driven out of American due to being a minority. Historically. Whites by and large perceived America as a racially homogeneous society and Americans as white. Long before the Chinese arrived. they had already been predetermined for exclusion by this set of thoughts ; the Chinese hereafter in America could be seen in the black and Indian past ( Takaki 100 ) . This can be seen as racism towards the Chinese workers. This differentiation was made because the Chinese. like the inkinesss were viewed as menaces in white society. In the eyes of Americans. there are no differences between Chinese and Nipponese. They have a shared history and tonss of community. particularly seen through racism. This is true to a certain extent merely because the Gentlemen’s Agreement Act have created some equality for the Japanese. The Japanese were treated somewhat better than the Chinese. While the United States would enforce limitations on Chinese immigrants. they were more indulgent with Nipponese in-migrations in that there were no limitations imposed. There were authorities differences because Nipponese triumph against Russia has made Japan demand for their individuality in America.

14 Things You Need to Know as a New Nurse

14 Things You Need to Know as a New Nurse So you’ve made it. You want to be a nurse and now you’re ready to begin your nursing career. Here are 14 tips from actual nurses, things they wish they’d known back when they first were starting out, that can help set you on a steeper learning curve as a new nurse. 1. Your schedule is different on paper vs. in real lifeYour schedule might look totally doable- a manageable series of shifts (most hospitals would say 3 shifts of 12 hours each). But when you factor in changeover duties, exchanging important patient information before and after each work day, and your commute? Those days are easily 15 hours. And those four days off per week? Forget it. Be ready for the 5 a.m. phone calls begging you to pinch hit when you’re understaffed. Best be prepared for more hours than your schedule would suggest on paper.2. Your duties expand far and wideThe definition of â€Å"nursing,† as it turns out, has a lot more to it than just the medical care you were trai ned to give. Expect also to have to perform the tasks of waitress, housekeeper, advocate, crusader, IT person, mediator, electrician, errand runner, and counselor. The more your realize how much outside stuff will factor into your ability to get your actual job done, the better a nurse you’ll be.3. Your memory game must be on pointIf you don’t have an outstanding memory, you’d better come up with a mnemonic system to keep things better in your head, or at least be extremely organized and know where you’ve recorded the details you really can’t forget. You’ll be expected to know without hesitation details about your patient, their disease profile, the technology you’ll need to wield, medication interactions, etc. Often as a matter of life and death.4. Your mistakes will be plentifulIt would be naà ¯ve to think that you won’t make them. You will. Everyone does. The first one will feel awful, and you’ll probably cry, but yo u’ll be very unlikely ever to make it again. Do your best to learn from your mistakes. They’ll make you a much better nurse. And take extra care with medications- they’re the easiest thing to mess up!5. You will learn how to handle the most difficult thingNursing school, no matter how much you think it has, cannot prepare you to witness your first, second, or two hundredth death. You will see hundreds and they will not get easier. Each will be different and tragic in their own way.6. You will develop a sick sense of humorIf you don’t have one already, you will soon. You and your coworkers will find yourselves making jokes you’d never even realize were joke-worthy before you became a nurse. Just go with it. This is how we keep each other sane.7. You will be attached to the phoneYou’ll be dealing with patients a great deal. You’ll be expected to be graceful under fire. But you’ll also spend an ungodly amount of time, tedious time , on the telephone. Other departments, doctors, pharmacies, insurance companies, supply companies, etc. Train yourself to have excellent phone demeanor and you’ll go far.8. Your body will take a beatingIt will hurt you. After almost every shift. And as you grow older and more seasoned in your career, it will only hurt more. You’re standing, walking, lifting patients and equipment. It takes a toll. Take good care of yourself. Stretch. Learn to optimize your body mechanics- standing, sitting, bending, lifting. Wear compression stockings and good, supportive shoes.9. Your friends and family become bonus patientsYou’re never going to be off the clock. Not as long as your friends and family have cell phones and cameras and can send you their complaints and health questions. Just get used to it. You’ll have a hard time turning loved ones away when you or your colleagues might be of help.10. Your pay is not as high as it should beIt will never be enough for the amount of work you’re expected to do just to perform your base duties. But there are always opportunities for you to pick up extra shifts and overtime. If you can do the extra work, you can make the extra cash.11. Your schedule will be all over the placeKiss your weekends and holidays goodbye. And be prepared to explain to your friends and family why you can’t always be counted on to come to dinners and birthday parties and weekends away. Eventually you’ll all get used to the way things have to be.12. Your second family will be at workYour coworkers will become your family. You’ll be battle tested. And you’ll see everything, process everything, mourn and celebrate everything as a little unit. You’ll love and hate them, and celebrate most holidays by their side.13. You will come to depend upon breakfastIs more important for you than for almost any one else in any other career. Make sure you eat it, even if you do it during your commute. It mi ght be the only chance you get to eat. And try to load up on protein bars or drinks to keep you going when you only have two minutes to eat and no time to chew!14. You will learn the meaning of commitmentProbably the most important thing to ask yourself is how much you actually want this. Nursing isn’t for everyone. It’s a thankless, underappreciated, underpaid profession, but if it’s what you love, you’ll be able to hang in there no matter what. Do a bit of soul searching to find the kind of dedication you’ll need to keep you going during the course of your long career.

Active Shape Modelling compared to Hip Morphometry in the prediction Thesis

Active Shape Modelling compared to Hip Morphometry in the prediction of Hip fracture - Thesis Example It involves pain, stiffness and and swelling and most commonly effects knee, hips and hand (Lawrence et al., 2008). Despite being one of the oldest known diesases, the etiology of the disease is still obscure. Earlier believed to be a disease of the articular cartilage of the synovial joint of the effected tissue, it has now been proposed that generalized OA is a systemic musculoskeletal disorder with a metabolic component (Aspden, 2008), changes in other tissues being secondary; subchondral bone responding to abnormal biomechanics and other tissues to secondary inflammation and enforced inactivity. Hip is one of the weight bearing joints and is at heavy risk of wear and tear. In aged people it is at a high risk of fracture due to decline in the structural strength of bone tissues of the proximal femoral ends resulting from osteoclastic and osteocytic resorption (Chai et al., 1998). Study of association of OA and fracture has suggested increased risk of fracture in individuals with hip OA is mostly likely due to mechanical and locomotor factors (Arden et al., 1996). Aging again is the most consistent risk factor for OA in both men and women effecting the composition and structure of cartilage (Arokoski et al., 2007), the other major risk factors for the OA of the hip are physical loading related to heavy manual work and permanent damage as result of any musculoskeletal injury (Juhakoski et al., 2009), while obesity seems to have a moderate positive association with hip OA (Liu et al., 2007). In cases of hip joint damage due to either of these factors total hip replacement (THR) is an option wherein the diseased cartilage and bone of the joint is replaced by artificial material. However there are risks factors in THR such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, infection, hip dislocation, hip implant loosening, nerve injury etc. To study the various aspects of OA, osteoporosis, fractures etc, a retrospective case-control study was

Digital communication schemes + AWGN channel Research Paper

Digital communication schemes + AWGN channel - Research Paper Example In digital modulation, an analog transporter signal is adjusted with a digital information flow. Digital modulation techniques can be enumerated as digital-to-analog conversion, and the corresponding demodulation or detection as analog-to-digital conversion. The most essential digital modulation schemes are found on keying, that are PSK, FSK, ASK and QAM. In the subject of PSK; acronym of phase-shift keying, a finite number of phases are used. In the matter of FSK; short form of frequency-shift keying; a finite number of frequencies are used. In the topic of ASK; abbreviation of amplitude-shift keying, a finite number of amplitudes are used. In the area of QAM; meaning Quadrature amplitude modulation; a finite number of at least two phases and at least two amplitudes are used. An instrument that executes modulation is recognized as a modulator and an appliance that executes the converse process of modulation is identified as a demodulator, at times it is also called as detector. An e lectronic tool that can do both processes is a modem; ‘mod’ means modulator and ‘dem’ means demodulator. 1. Quadrature Phase Shift Key Modulation (QPSK) Phase-shift keying is a digital modulation method that transmits information by altering the phase of an oriented signal called as the carrier wave. QPSK is recognized in different notations as quaternary PSK also as quadriphase PSK or 4-PSK. QPSK utilizes four spots on the assemblage figure, at equal arc interval around a circle. With quadrangle points, QPSK can program twice bits per symbol, as revealed in the figure with gray convention to lessen the bit inaccuracy or error rate also known as BER. The numerical investigation demonstrates that QPSK can be utilized also to make twice the information flow rate evaluated with a Binary phase-shift keying (BPSK scheme, a type of PSK) while preserving the identical bandwidth of the pulses. In other words it can be said that QPSK, in order to keep up with the in formation flow rate of BPSK, reduces half the bandwidth requirement as in the case of BPSK. In this issue of QPSK, the BER (bit inaccuracy rate) of QPSK is precisely alike as the BER of BPSK modulation scheme. The numeric execution of QPSK is further wide-ranging as compare to BPSK and also specifies the execution of advanced order PSK. In scripting the mathematical code in the group drawing in language of the sine and cosine waves utilized to broadcast them is as under: The above equation will convey the quadrangle points, as it is desirable in QPSK, the phases will be at one forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 1, three by forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 2, five by forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 3, and seven by forth ‘?’ at corresponding value of n = 4. Where ‘fc’ is the carrier frequency and ‘n’ is the phase value. 2. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) Quadrature amplitude modulat ion abbreviated as QAM is mutually an analog plus a digital modulation method. It communicates two analog communication pulses, or in an analogous approach two digital bits flow. QAM does so by altering the amplitudes of two transporter

Business Requirements Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Business Requirements - Research Paper Example In addition, the report will offer an insight on the importance of Joint Application Development (JAD) and the significance attributed to the information package diagrams. The foremost function of requirement gathering in the development process involves the determination of the nature of requirements that are fit for the system development in terms of action, measurement, definition, testability and needs relative to the required design. In addition, this stage of gathering is critical in identifying the errors and correcting them before codes are given for the functions. This helps in reducing over 50% defects in the whole system (Tremblay & Cheston, 2001). The building of the a data warehouse and operational databases share commonalities in terms of technological support in terms of use of function based keys and views. Both are founded on a data model. However, differences between the two exist. The foremost being on the functional perspective whereby the operational database development transaction, offers solutions to the operational requirements, while in the case of warehouse database, the ad hoc questions are operational for management functions. The other difference involves the diverse functional requirements for the two types. In the case of operational database, the primary focus is on data security and coherence, while in the case of warehouse database the focus is on the economic analysis, which gives predictable indexes. In addition, the design of the two databases is different. Whereas the design of the operational databases are structured to fit online processing of the transactions, that of warehouse database is struct ured to fit and enhance data analysis (Tremblay & Cheston, 2001). The operational design helps in efficient large scale storage of transactional data storage. An example of this type of information includes current information that needs updates. It is imperative to note that,

The bone disorders

The bone disorders Introduction There are many different types of bone disorders and these can have vast implications on a patient suffering from any particular one of these bone disorder. There 7 main categories of bone disorders listed below, each of which will be discussed in detail. Genetic (inherited) disorders, i.e. Achondroplasia, Osteogenesis imperfecta. Nutritional disorders, i.e. Rickets, Osteomalacia. Autoimmune disorders, i.e. Rheumotid Arthritis Degenerative disorders, i.e. Osteoarthritis. Bone tumours, i.e. Primary Bone Cancer, Secondary Bone Cancer. Hormonal disorders, i.e. Osteoporosis. Pagets disease. Genetic (inherited) disorders. Achondroplasia. Achondroplasia is genetic disorder and is the main type of short-limbed dwarfism that takes place in humans, occurring amongst 1 in 15,000 and 40,000 live births. It has been estimated that about 90% of cases of achondroplasia are sporadic, and on average, there is a rise of paternal age at the moment of conception of affected individuals (Vajo et al., 2000). The literal meaning of achondroplasia is without the formation of cartilage, and sufferers have difficulty with bone growth. Achondroplasia affects mainly long bones e.g. legs and arms. It is an Autosomal Dominant Gene Defect (ADGI), and leads to the conversion of cartilage into bone. It occurs when one of the 22 non-sex genes is mutated, and this mutated gene has now been identified to be located on chromosome 4, which is known to be the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3). Symptoms; Achondroplasia is typically distinguished by the formation of a long, narrow trunk and short limbs. Some other usual symptoms of achondroplasia include hyperextensibilty of joints in particular at the knees and hands, however the rotation of the elbow is limited as well being unable to fully extend. Sufferers of Achondroplasia normally have a large head, short broad hands, and suffer from hypertonia (poor muscle tone). Spinal cord compression at the cervicalmedullary junction is another typical feature of achondroplasia patients (Horton et al., 2007). The location of the mutated gene associated with achondroplasia was mapped to chromosome 4p16.3 in 1994, and this was followed soon after by the identification of the heterozygous mutations of FGFR3 (Rousseau et al., 1994). It has been further discovered that children that have FGFR3 mutations, they parents generally do not have the FGFR3 mutation, and there has also been a strong association between advanced paternal age, in particular over 35 years of age. Diagnosis; Because the symptoms of achondroplasia are very distinguishable, the diagnosis at birth should not be a problem. However, it has been estimated that about 20% of individuals are not diagnosed with achondroplasia at birth (Trotter et al., 2005). A common method that has been employed and widely used for the diagnosis of achondroplasia is prenatal ultrasound. This method detects effected foetuses in the third trimester of pregnancy. The diagnosis of Achondroplasia can be carried out via CVS (Chronic Villus Sampling), followed by molecular gene tests. CVS is a test that is carried out before birth, in which cells are inspected. Molecular genetic testing is carried out in order to identify possible mutations. Treatment; There is no clear treatment for achondroplasia, and there are many tests that are ongoing in order to do find one. The use of human growth hormone has been proposed as a possible method of treatment. Tests have shown that there was an initial increase in growth rate of subjects with achondroplasia, nevertheless, the long-term benefits of such treatment have not been made clear, and many experts do not recommend it (Horton et al., 1992). In order to increase the stature of achondroplasia patients, surgical limb lengthening is another proposed method to help achondroplasia patients. The typical method compromises of different bones being broken, i.e. femur, tibiae, and humeri, after which orthopaedic appliances are used in order to carry out slow stretching during the healing process. Although this method increases the standing height of the patient, this method is also not recommended due to the many complications arising from it. These complications include, the need of repeated surgeries, wound infections and problems arising from the stretching of skeletal tissue such as blood vessels. Osteogenesis Imperfecta. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a bone disorder causing imperfect bone formation. It effects roughly 1/5,000 to 1/10,000 individuals (Sillence et al., 1979). It occurs as a result of a poor quality of collagen or a lack of collagen production, and can lead to fragile bones that are easily broken and have a low bone mass. Another distinguishable characteristic of osteogenesis imperfecta patients is an s-shaped spine that can eventually break. Osteogenesis imperfecta occurs as a result of mutations in the genes that encode the chains of type I collagen. Type I collagen is the main protein found in bone. Genetically inherited cases of osteogenesis imperfecta normally show very mild symptoms. However, spontaneous cases are often more severe. Symptoms; The symptoms of osteogenesis Imperfecta range in severity, from intrauterine fractures and perinatal lethality, to very mild fractures. Diagnosis; The diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta in individuals with a family history of the disease is rather simple, but more difficult in those that do not have a family history. Generally osteogenesis imperfecta is diagnosed clinically, and based on the physical symptoms associated with the disease Osteogenesis imperfecta can be diagnosed via a collagen biopsy test, which is a new method. This test is known to identify 90% of osteogenesis imperfecta cases. Ultrasound is another method that can be used for diagnosis, and can detect more severe types of Osteogenesis imperfecta, even at the foetus phase and also 16 weeks into pregnancy. Test such as those that include culturing cells, and observing the collagen produced can also be carried out, as well as using blood samples to examine mutations of the collagen manufacturing genes. Although these types of tests can be useful in the diagnosis of osteogenesis imperfecta to some extent, they are generally no more than 85% accurate. Treatment; Currently there is no known cure for osteogenesis imperfecta. However particular emphasis has been placed on prevention on injury and maintaining healthy bones particularly in younger children. Supplements of calcium and phosphorus help increase bone density. Also Biophosphates are used, and these are drugs that help decrease the rate of bone resorption. Biophosphates have been clearly shown to prevent bone fractures from occurring and also increasing the bone strength and density. Growth hormones has been previously proposed as a possible treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta (Kruse and Kuhlencordt, 1975). However this has been later dismissed, and although the use of growth hormone in combination with Biophosphates may be a useful treatment, this has not yet been tested. Metal bone plates are also used for patients with more severe fractures, and helps to strengthen and reduce fractures of the affected bones, mainly long bones e.g. arms and legs. Nutritional disorders. Rickets and Osteomalacia. Rickets is a nutritional bone disorder which is found in children. It is known to affect about 1 in 1000 children in the UK alone. A very similar disorder takes place amongst adults and this is known as osteomalacia. Both these disorders occur as a result of abnormal mineralisation (calcification) of bone and cartilage. The body transfers calcium and vitamins from the bone into the blood due to vitamin deficiency i.e. deficiency in Vitamin D and calcium. This demineralisation subsequently leads to bone deformity, and thus the bones become soft and very vulnerable to fractures. There are many reasons that cause vitamin deficiency that subsequently leads to rickets and osteomalacia. Some of which include nutritional deficiency (poor diet), poor lifestyle (lack of exercise), insufficient sunlight exposure (remaining indoors for long periods of time) and abnormal metabolism (liver and kidney disease, chronic renal failure etc) (de Menezes Filho et al., 2006). Another main cause of rickets in children is due to the baby receiving a lack of vitamin D in the womb from the mother who may also be deficient in vitamin D. Symptoms; Symptoms of rickets and osteomalacia include; Growth retardation. Deformities in the upper and lower limbs. Insufficient weight gain in children. High vulnerability to bone fractures. Bone pain. Muscle weakness. Pelvic flattening. Bowing legs. Defects in structure of teeth. Diagnosis; A physical examination will firstly help to identify bone deformities and multiple fractures. A medical history check can also help to identify a possible genetic link. The levels of parathyroid hormone and alkaline phosphate will increase in the blood as a result of deficiency in vitamin D and calcium. These hormones are responsible for the transfer of minerals and vitamins from the blood to the bone. This rise in the bloodstream is a major sign of rickets and osteomalacia, and blood tests carried out to see this elevated rise of these hormones is a good method for diagnosis. X-rays can also show the demineralisation of the bone and reveal any abnormal bone structures. Treatment; Replacing vitamin D, calcium, and other necessary minerals in patients with rickets and osteomalacia is very important, and is the main method of treatment. Babies that received a lack of vitamin D whilst in the womb of their mother, or a shortage from their mothers milk should be given vitamin drops, e.g. Abidec, to help increase their levels of vitamin D. Food rich in Vitamin D and calcium are highly advised, and offer a replacement for their deficiency. These types of food include oily fish (tuna, salmon herrings, mackerels), dairy products (milk, yoghurt), liver, Vitamin supplements can also be prescribed from a doctor. An injection of vitamin D (calciferol) is also available and can last up to a year before another injection is needed. Adequate exposure to sunlight is also highly recommended. Autoimmune disorders. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA). It has been estimated that at least 1 in 100 people suffer from RA, and that in the UK alone there are about 400,000- 500,000 sufferers. It is a chronic inflammatory disease mainly affecting synovial membrane, cartilage and bone. This then can lead to joint destruction, which is typically distinguished by gradual bone erosion, and is the main cause of disability in RA. RA causes the immune system to start producing antibodies, which attack the lining of joints (synovium), and tissues (tendons), and so thus resulting in inflammation and swelling. In response to this, the body releases a special synovium thickening chemical which causes the joint to wear away and loose its shape, and eventually the joint is completely destroyed. RA is also systemic and can spread to other tissues and other parts of the body causing more problems mainly in the hands, feet and spine. In very severe cases the disease can spread to organs and this can be very critical. RA does not occur at a particular age group, and the disorder can develop at any age in sufferers lifetime. However, more commonly RA occurs in patients that are between the ages of 30 to 60 years old. The causes of RA are still relatively unknown, however that have been several theories involving possible genes that can cause RA (Barton and Worthington, 2009). RA may also occur as a result of pollution (bacteria, fungi, viruses). Symptoms; Symptoms of RA include; Swelling of joints. Stiffness, particularly early in the morning. Inflammation. Formation of rheumatoid nodules, which appear on hands, feet and elbows. Flu like symptoms such as fever. Weight loss. Diagnosis; The diagnosis of RA is rather difficult, due to the fact that the main symptoms of RA inflammation and joint stiffness/swelling, and these symptoms can be commonly associated with other diseases/disorders. A full family history is looked at first in order to establish any hereditary traits of RA in the patient. Imaging techniques such as X-rays, CT scans and ultrasound can used to look at rheumatic erosion (the disappearance of bones/joints). However, it can be difficult to diagnose RA in the early stages of the disorder, as there may not be any physical changes during these stages. The cytokines TNF (tumour necrosis factor) and IL-1 (Interlukin-1) are responsible for further inflammation which occurs in people that suffer from RA. Both of these cytokines are present in the joint of people with RA, and checking for the presence of these cytokines at joints is a method used to diagnose RA. ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate) is also another blood test that can be used to diagnose RA. It is a measure of the rate in which red blood precipitate in a period of 1 hour, and is a non specific measure of inflammation. The CRP test (C-reactive protein test) is the second most popular diagnosis test for RA. In response to inflammation of tendon/ligaments, the liver produces C-reactive proteins, and this test is used to detect the presence of these proteins in the blood. The antibody RF (Rheumatoid factor) is present in the blood of sufferers of RA. Therefore blood tests to identify the presence of this antibody in the blood, 8 out of 10 times will diagnose a person that is suffering from RA. Treatment; Currently there is no clear treatment for RA, however there a few drugs available that either help relieve some of the symptoms, or to help modify the disorder. Pain killers such as paracetamol and ibuprofen can help relieve some of the symptoms of RA. NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) are also a set of pain killers e.g. diclofenac, ibuprofen and naproxen, and help to control joint pain and stiffness. Although these drugs help with the symptoms of RA they do not directly impede the development of RA. Furthermore, there are many common side effects associated with NSAIDs including diarrhoea, nausea, increased risk of myocardial infarction etc. Disease modifying anti-arthritic/antirhumatic drugs (DMARDS) are drugs that function by blocking the affect of certain chemicals i.e. TNF following the damage of bone, joints, tendons and ligaments. These drugs not only ease the pain and stiffness related to RA, but also slow the progression of the condition. Maintaining a healthy lifestyle for an individual suffering from RA is also vital as it reduces the chances of further complications arising from the disease. There are also many therapies e.g. acupuncture, hydrotherapy, and also arthroplasty which can significantly help with the pain and joint stiffness linked to the disorder. Degenerative disorders. Osteoarthritis (OA). Osteoarthritis is an age-related disease that ultimately has an effect on each individual, who live onto they senior years (Wong and Carter, 2003). The pain associated with osteoarthritis typically emerges from the degeneration of the cartilage between the joints, as a result of primary osteoarthritis, or from trauma bringing about the loss of cartilage (Temenoff and Mikos, 2000). Given that cartilage demonstrates a poor ability to self-repair, these injuries are sustained for years and can ultimately bring about further degeneration (secondary osteoarthritis) (ODriscoll, 1998). The degeneration of cartilage causes bone ends to become exposed, and the deposition of new osseous tissue on the bone ends. This also reduces the space in the joint cavity and limits movement (Gerard J. Tortora, 2007). The underlying bone also forms osteophytes (spikes) which grow outwards due to the bone compensating for the loss of cartilage, and this hinders joint movement and causes pain. It has been estimated that roughly 36 million Americans are diagnosed with this form of arthritis (Temenoff and Mikos, 2000). Osteoarthritis is also the main reaso n as to why many individuals undergo hip and knee replacement surgery (Wilson et al., 2005), and is also the main cause of mobility impairment in elder individuals (Buckwalter, 1997). Symptoms; Acute pain causing stiffness and lack of joint movement is the main symptom of OA. The capsule surrounding joints become bigger due to inflammation and this reduces mobility, and thus muscles at the joint become weaker. Other symptoms include spasm and contractions in the tendons; accumulation of fluid at joints, muscle weakness, and hardy bone enlargements in small joints i.e. fingers and toes. Diagnosis; There is no single test used to diagnose OA. A physical examination can show a lack of mobility, joint weakness and swelling. X-rays can show the loss of joint space and in extreme cases the presence of osteophytes. Treatment; There is advanced research going into ways to engineer cartilage to help patients suffering from OA, although a major breakthrough has yet been developed. Instead a healthy lifestyle i.e. loss of weight and exercise is highly advised Sufferers are advised to exercise the affected area as this will enable better support for affected joints and strengthen the muscles surrounding the joint. This also helps in increasing the mobility of the joints, balance and posture. Drugs such as NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) i.e. ibuprofen can help in relieving pain and reducing inflammation. However the long term use of these types of drugs can cause many adverse reactions. Bone tumours. A Bone tumour is the neoplastic growth of tissue in bone i.e. cells in tissue continually dividing resulting in the formation of the tumour, and can be benign or malignant. This tumour can further spread throughout the body via the lymph system. The lymph system contains lymphocytes and phagocytes, and a further function of the lymph system is to remove worn out red blood cells. There are two main categories of bone tumours, primary bone tumours and secondary bone tumours. Primary bone tumours can be localised or can spread (malignant), and these bone tumours derive from within the tissue. Primary tumours can be further divided into benign tumours and cancer. Secondary bone tumours derive from other tumours from a different part of the body and spread to the tissue via the blood. The mutation of the P53 gene which suppresses bone tumour is thought to responsible for the formation of bone tumours; however the exact cause is still not fully known. There are many different types of bone tumours, of which the most common are listed below, including symptoms, diagnosis and treatments. Osteosarcoma- This is the most common type of bone tumour, and as well as Ewings syndrome (see below), is the most aggressive type of bone tumour. It affects people at an early age (5-25years), and is rare in people of above the age of 30. Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumour and eventually will spread throughout the body. It is also known to start in the cavities within the bone, and is it affects long bones mainly the knee. Osteosarcoma is diagnosed via examination and imaging techniques such as MRI or CT scan. Osteosarcoma if usually treated by surgery and chemotherapy before and after the surgery. Ewings Sarcoma- Just like Osteosarcoma, Ewings sarcoma affects people at a young age (5-15 years), and also the survival rate up to 3 years is a 60% chance. Ewings sarcoma in mainly found in the lower extremity, than the upper extremity (Eggli et al., 1993) Some of the symptoms of Ewings disorder include pain and swelling, warmth of the local area, and the appearance of onion skin. Ewings disorder can be diagnosed via MRI and CT scans. Treatments of Ewings disorder include surgery, radiation and multi-drug chemotherapy (Eggli et al., 1993). Chondrosarcoma- This bone tumour affects the chondrocytes of cartilage tissue and subsequently, the tissue eventually becomes cancerous. Chondrosarcoma can occur at any age, and this tumour grows slowly and normally without any pain. Lymphoma- Lymphoma is cancer of lymphatic cells, and usually begins in the lymph node, but can also form in the bones. Multiple Myeloma- This bone tumour occurs as a result of bone marrow cells becoming cancerous and can cause osteolytic bone damage. It usually occurs in people above the age of fifty five, and men are twice more likely to get it than women. The main symptom of multiple myeloma is pain, as well as normochromic anemia, spinal cord compression and renal insufficiency. Multiple myeloma can be diagnosed via MRI and CT scans. Chemotherapy, bone marrow transplant as well as Bisphosphonate drugs are some of the main treatments for multiple myeloma. Osteroid Osteoma- This tumour occurs as a result of the matrix of bone becoming cancerous. It normally occurs twice as often in males than females. It more commonly takes place in the proximal femur, then mainly in the tibia, followed by posterior elements of the spine and the humerus (Bloem and Kroon, 1993). Common symptoms include dull pain which gets worse during the night, an increase in skin temperature, increased sweating and abnormal growth. Radiological scans and CT scans are common methods for diagnosis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are given as part of the treatment for osteroid osteoma as well surgical removal. Osteoblastoma- Osteoblastoma is a benign tumour in bone tissue and occurs when osteoblast cells become cancerous. It is mainly common in children and young adults. Pain and bone mass reduction are the main symptoms of osteoblastoma. Method of diagnosis for osteoblastoma includes x-rays, microscopic examination of osteoblast cells and a biopsy. Surgical removal of the tumour is a common treat for this bone tumour as well as cryosurgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Hormonal disorders. Osteoporosis. Osteoporosis results in bones becoming porous and these pores become bigger (2 times bigger) in cancellous cortical bone. It occurs as a result of a reduction in bone mineral density (bone mineralisation). It is a direct disease of the bone as compared to some of the other bone disorders mentioned above. During osteoporosis the rate of bone renewal is slower than bone breakdown and it commonly affects the hip, wrists and spine. It is estimated that over 3 million people in the UK alone suffer from osteoporosis. There are two main types of osteoporosis (Type I and Type II). Type I osteoporosis occurs mainly in females following menopause. Following menopause there is a deficiency in oestrogen and testosterone and this disorder is known as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Type II is mainly caused by a poor lifestyle i.e. excess smoking and drinking. This leads to a deficiency of calcium and vitamin D as a result of disorders of the intestine. The deficiency may also arise from kidney disorders caused by a poor diet (too much fast foods and fizzy drinks) and excess alcohol consumption. Also people continuously taking drugs mainly corticosteroid drugs will have a loss of bone density. Symptoms; Osteoporosis does not have any specific symptoms; however its main outcome is an increased risk of bone fractures and breaks, and also an increased risk of falling due to fractures of the wrist, spine and hip. Diagnosis Bone mineral density (BMD) test to measure bone mineral density was the first test used to diagnose osteoporosis. There are many different types of BMD tests, the most common being quantitative ultrasound. This is a very good method for diagnosis and is also a much safer approach than x-rays and radiography, which can also be used to diagnose osteoporosis. Blood tests to identify deficiencies in calcium and vitamin D are a further method for diagnosis. Treatments; HRT (Hormone Replacement Therapy) was initially used to treat postmenopausal osteoporosis, however its used was later stopped due to its many side effects e.g. breast cancer, blood clotting, stroke etc. Bisphosphonates can be used to treat osteoporosis and it functions by slowing down the breakdown of bone, in order for the body to cope with bone renewal. Bisphosphonate intolerancy was then later discovered in 20 % of people. Calcitonin drugs are another type of drug used to treat osteoporosis. Calcitonin is produced naturally in the thyroid gland, and calcitonin drugs work by directly inhibiting osteoclast activity. Calcitonin is also found naturally in salmon. Strontium Renelate is another drug that can be used and helps to promote bone renewal. Calcium and vitamin D supplements also help to slow down osteoporosis. Exercise is also highly advised for osteoporosis sufferers and has been shown to maintain or increase bone mineral density especially in postmenopausal women. Pagets disease. Pagets disease is a bone disorder associated with a disorder in bone remodelling, and affects 10% of elderly people (Barker et al., 1980). Furthermore it is more prominent in males than females. In Pagets disease there is an increase in bone remodelling which is also disorganised, and this caused by a primary abnormality of osteoclast cells (Hosking et al., 1996). The bone turnover is increased by 40%, and in addition, bone is grown in areas where bone is not needed and removed from areas where bone is required. Pagets disease is now referred to as osteoclast pagetic disease. In the disorder, the osteoclasts which are bone cells responsible for the removal of bone are targeted. Over a period of time osteoblast activity subsequently increases in response to osteoclast activity, and helps in forming new bone. However, the new bone that is formed is a lot larger and thicker because of the very fast remodelling process, but critically the interior parts of the bone are porous, and a lot more fragile and tender. This therefore makes the bone more venerable to fractures and breaks. Below is an illustration of a particular deformity associated with Pagets disease sufferers (see Figure 2.) Symptoms/complications; Joint pain and bone paint are common symptoms associated with Pagets disease. As the disease progresses the swelling and expansion of the bone leads to the expanding bone becoming weaker. Also the initial symptoms of Pagets disease are not clear but do become clearer over time as the disorder develops. Fractures of long bones e.g. tibia, femur, pelvis, spine, skull are common symptoms of Pagets disease as well as skeletal deformity. Arthritis is a common complication which arises from Pagets disease and occurs mainly in the proximal ends of long bones. A further complication of Pagets disease is Gout. Gout arises from the excessive production of uric acid and salts leading to gouting arthritis, which is a disease of uric acid metabolism. The build up of uric acid and salts in the bloodstream leads to accumulation at the bone joints/cartilage which then causes kidney stones. Bone tumours, and in particular cancellous bone tumour can arise as a result of gout. The dysregulation of bone can also cause an increase in blood circulation and can consequently bring about heart failure. Compression of nerves is also seen in sufferers of Pagets disease and is caused by bone expansion and this brings about complications in movement. Also nerve compression in the skull brings about a loss of hearing and vision. Diagnosis; X-rays is a very clear method to help detect bone expansion, bone loss and bone deformity. Alkaline phosphate which is a by-product of any type of bone disease/disorder is present in the bloodstream, and so blood test can help to identify the presence of these. Treatment; Bisphosphonates and calcitonin are common drugs used to treat Pagets disease. These drugs bind to osteoclast cells and increase their activity, thus reducing their breakdown, and reabsorption of bone into the bloodstream. Pain killers can also be taken to help ease bone pain and neuralgic pain. It is also advised that Pagets disease sufferers should receive adequate sunshine, adequate amounts of vitamin D, and maintain a healthy lifestyle i.e. healthy diet and regular exercise. References Barker, D.J., Chamberlain, A.T., Guyer, P.B., and Gardner, M.J. (1980). Pagets disease of bone: the Lancashire focus. Br Med J 280, 1105-1107. Barton, A., and Worthington, J. (2009). Genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis: an emerging picture. Arthritis Rheum 61, 1441-1446. Bloem, J.L., and Kroon, H.M. (1993). Osseous lesions. Radiol Clin North Am 31, 261-278. Buckwalter, J.A.a.H.J.M. (1997). Articular Cartilage. Part II: Degeneration and Osteoarthrosis, Repair, Regeneration, and Transplantation. Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, 612-632. de Menezes Filho, H., de Castro, L.C., and Damiani, D. (2006). Hypophosphatemic rickets and osteomalacia. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 50, 802-813. Eggli, K.D., Quiogue, T., and Moser, R.P., Jr. (1993). Ewings sarcoma. Radiol Clin North Am 31, 325-337. Gerard J. Tortora, B.D. (2007). Principles of Anatomy Physiology 11th Edition Binder Ready Version, 11 edn (John Wiley Sons, 2007). Horton, W.A., Hall, J.G., and Hecht, J.T. (2007). Achondroplasia. Lancet 370, 162-172. Horton, W.A., Hecht, J.T., Hood, O.J., Marshall, R.N., Moore, W.V., and Hollowell, J.G. (1992). Growth hormone therapy in achondroplasia. Am J Med Genet 42, 667-670. Hosking, D., Meunier, P.J., Ringe, J.D., Reginster, J.Y., and Gennari, C. (1996). Pagets disease of bone: diagnosis and management. BMJ 312, 491-494. Kruse, H.P., and Kuhlencordt, F. (1975). On an attempt to treat primary and secondary osteoporosis with human growth hormone. Horm Metab Res 7, 488-491. ODriscoll, S.W. (1998). The healing and regeneration of articular cartilage. J Bone Joint Surg Am 80, 1795-1812. Rousseau, F., Bonaventure, J., Legeai-Mallet, L., Pelet, A., Rozet, J.M., Maroteaux, P., Le Merrer, M., and Munnich, A. (1994). Mutations in the gene encoding fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 in achondroplasia. Nature 371, 252-254. Sillence, D.O., Senn, A., and Danks, D.M. (1979). Genetic heterogeneity in osteogenesis imperfecta. J Med Genet 16, 101-116. Temenoff, J.S., and Mikos, A.G. (2000). Review: tissue engineering for regeneration of articular cartilage. Biomaterials 21, 431-440. Trotter, T.L., Hall, J.G., and American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on, G. (2005). Health supervision for children with achondroplasia. Pediatrics 116, 771-783.

Oedipus The King-a Tangled Web :: Oedipus Rex, Sophocles

The choir represents the voice of the people, the voice of the masses. People often conform to this uniform truth, they want to be like other people. This conformation leads to a uniform voice from the public. This voice is often ignorant to the truth, seemingly to the point that it creates its own truth. This is seen often in Oedipus the King, by Sophocles. They believe that Oedipus is godly, even when they have found out that he is the cause of their plague. It is not until the end that their haze of false truth clears, and they turn against Oedipus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The idea that the people speak with a unified voice is seen whenever they speak. Never does one individual stray from this one voice. This is seen in the Strophes and Antistrophes, the choir speaks as a whole. At the start of the, the choir shows unquestioning faith in Oedipus. They believe that he is godly, that since he ended the Sphinx’s reign of terror, that he would stop the plague. They believed this without question, they had no doubts that Oedipus would find a cure. They even came to Oedipus with “olive boughs all wreathed in woe,'; the same way one would go to a altar when they wanted something urgently. This shows their faith in Oedipus.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This faith blinds them to the truth. When they find out that it could be Oedipus that is the cause of the plague, they still follow Oedipus blindly. They do not see the truth, they create their own. They become so deeply entwined in their own web of falls truths, that they do not realize what is really happening. They do not believe the Oracle, “Show me the man speaking stone from Delphi damned'; shows their disbelief in the oracle. This further reinforces their false truths, their blind faith toward Oedipus. Eventually this haze of false truths clears, and they see reality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Even when they are confronted with the truth, they follow Oedipus. When Oedipus is pondering whether or not he could have killed King Laius, they encourage Oedipus. “But wait until you’ve heard the witness speak. Have hope,'; this shows their faith in Oedipus. “Your Laius prophecies are turned to lies'; shows their belief in the oracle. They feel he is lying, and continue their praise of Oedipus. This belief does not last forever, the web of false truths dissipates, and they see Oedipus for who he really is.

Zeus and Poseidon

Zeus and Poseidon In Greek mythology, there are many gods. All the gods rule a certain thing. One of the main gods are Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. These gods are very alike and yet very different. When comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon based on powers, place of rule, and marriages, it is clear that Zeus is the better choice. While both gods are very strong, Zeus is superior in power. Zeus is the god of the gods and thunder. Poseidon is the god of the sea and earthquakes.This makes both gods very powerful, Earthquakes make plenty of damage but thunder is much more destructive. Thunder can commence a fire that lasts for days. An earthquake lasts for a while. Zeus is clearly superior power wise. Comparing and contrasting place of rule Zeus also triumphs over Poseidon. Poseidon’s place of rule is the sea; Zeus’s place of rule is the heavens. The heavens and the sea are both beautiful places. Poseidon has his beautiful creatures underwater. But Zeus lives on Mount O lympus which is gods’ most wonderful place.Zeus feasts on ambrosia and nectar everyday. While comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon’s marriage, Poseidon is the clear winner. Zeus is married to Hera and Poseidon is married to Amphitrite. Zeus was married six times, and he had numerous affairs with goddesses and mortal women. Poseidon, much like Zeus, also had many affairs but unlike Hera, Amphitrite was not jealous. In fact, the myths don't indicate that Amphitrite took much notice of her husband's love affairs.Poseidon triumphs over Zeus in marriage because Poseidon seemed to be more loyal to his wife. These two very powerful gods have numerous similarities and differences. Yet one is triumphant over the other in two of three categories. Zeus is triumphant in power and place of rule. Poseidon is superior when it comes to marriages. This shows that when comparing and contrasting Zeus and Poseidon derived from power, place of rule, and marriages Zeus is the finest god.

A Few good men essays

A Few good men essays Courtroom drama is a popular type of film which involves at least one trial and pin points much of the emotion and tension within a court of law . "A Few Good Men" is an emotional story of two military men accused of killing a young soldier . Tom Cruise play's Danny Kaffe , the smart mouth defense lawyer , and Demi Moore play's Joe Galloway , his nosy special council . The movie starts of by showing us the plot and then begins to tell the story . Compared to other movies with the same genre , I'd have to say this is one of the best . It was boring at times but it did it's best to show action through words . The music is very soft and sets the mood . It gives the viewers a tingling feeling inside . It's not only the music that makes the movie a success, it's also the acting . Tom Cruise makes himself seem like a no brain marine . That makes him perfect for the job . Demi Moore plays a tough but sexy naval officer (I always liked a women who takes charge) . She always wanted things done her own way . She originally ask for the case but was denied , because they wanted someone who would screw up . The lighting and camera angles in the courtroom does a lot , they make sure to stay on top of the people's faces , so we as viewers won't get mixed up with who's talking . The main thing that really made the movie was Tom Cruise , when he got up their and put on a show , that I think nobody will forget . He does his hotshot act and this is when we knew he was going to do it . He put smiles on people's faces , he put tears in your eyes , he made sure to win the audiences attention . He made sure to go out with a bang . This movie received fairly good reviews . Some comments weren't that great , but still it was a good movie . The film reviews state that this movie eliminates the element of surprise . They told us what he's going to do and instead of not suc ...

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Definition The International Phonetic Alphabet is the most widely used system for representing the sounds of any language. A reproduction of the latest version of the International Phonetic Alphabet (2005) is available on the website of the International Phonetic Association. Abbreviation IPA Examples and Observations One of the most important achievements of phonetics in the past century has been to arrive at a system of phonetic symbols that anyone can learn to use and that can be used to represent the sounds of any language. This is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA).(Peter Roach, Phonetics. Oxford Univ. Press, 2004)Though they are primarily designed for representing speech sounds (objective physical events), the IPA symbols are naturally also widely used for representing the phonemes of particular languages. For example, the initial consonant of English think is phonetically the dental fricative [ÃŽ ¸] for most speakers, and so the phoneme realized in this way is commonly represented as /ÃŽ ¸/. But note carefully that a conventional phoneme symbol consisting of an IPA symbol in phoneme slashes may not in fact be pronounced in the way the IPA symbol would suggest; for example, the phoneme at the beginning of English red is customarily represented as /r/, for orthographical convenience, b ut probably no native speaker of English ever pronounces this word with the trill [r]. . . . An IPA symbol in square brackets is (or should be) intended to represent a real speech sound accurately; an IPA symbol in phoneme slashes is just a convenient way of representing some phoneme in some language and may not be a faithful guide to phonetic reality.(R.L. Trask, Language and Linguistics: The Key Concepts. Routledge, 2007) See Also AlphabetPhonemePhoneticsPhonologyPronunciationSchwaSpeechWriting System

Milk (Movie with Sean Penn) Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Milk ( with Sean Penn) - Movie Review Example Therefore, he was able to alter and strive for achievement of human right. However, his ambitions were short-lived by his death in 1978 (Sandhu, 1). This paper will review the movie "Milk" and it outlines changes in attitudes that has occurred since late 1970s after assassination of Harvey Milk up to the present. Attitudes have changed significantly since 1970s and this is evident assessment of the transition from the combustible and cynical period in the history to the present (Sandhu, 1). For instance, it was not common for people hear or talk about gays; in fact, there were attacks of the equitable-right litigation. However, this transition was evoked by Milk’s activism, despite being hampered by his death in 1978 due to political rivalry; this led to gradual change of attitude towards gays, which is seen today (Jones, 1). Moreover, Milk’s activism to promote equitable gay rights as has been substantially associated with the civil rights, which were supported by Mart in Luther King. Therefore, as presented by the movie, there is a significant role played by Sean Penn, whereby he presents a character, mediocre comic strips of battered manliness. Moreover, he presents a moderate, demonstrative masquerade of the extrovert businessmen operating from Wall Street (Travers, 1). The changes in attitude as introduced by this movie can be attested to by Milk’s reinvestments and political people’s imagination, who were not gays. Moreover, this acceptance of gays by other members of the public has continued from 1970s to the present. This movie presents Emile Hirsch, who becomes an activist, together with Diego Luna, who is Milk’s lover (Jones, 1). Moreover, this movie presents a good reason for change of attitudes towards gays, whereby Milk is both attractive, and has a perspective attributes. On the other hand, there are proponents of same-sex marriages such as California’s Propositions eight. However, due to the changed attitu de there are few politicians, who have been working hard to support legalization of same-sex marriages. The movie presents resentment towards gay people, which was portrayed by Dan White, who shot Harvey Milk and George Moscone in 1978 (Ebert, 1). In addition, their death was the forty-eight among the crusader for gay rights in San Francisco. Dan worked with these victims in the city’s board of supervisors, and he decided to shot them in the City Hall (Travers, 1). Nonetheless, cases of death among gay people due to the negative attitudes and heated from other members of the society have greatly reduced since 1978. It is evident that "Milk" offers pertinent ideas regarding transformation of lives among gay people since the death of Harvey Milk and his pursuit for achieving equitable rights (Travers, 1). Therefore, even after his death other that succeeded him was able to achieve prosperity, which was inform of freedom over state persecution, political and social cause. In thi s case, the movie indicates some decisions made by people despite their emotional devastation. In addition, this memorable situation is presented at the end of the movie, where Harvey Milk is considered a hero (Ebert, 1). Milk is also depicted as an ordinary man, who has a range of attributes such as being idealistic, humorous, inconsistent, insightful, optimistic, and

India and China traditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

India and China traditions - Essay Example In Chinese traditions three sticks of incense denotes San Cai - heaven, earth, and people. It also denotes past, present and future. Livia Kohn in his book Health and Long Life: the Chinese Way mentions that chi or qi is in the root of everything. It is a basic material of all that we find in existence. All forms of life derive its functional power from qi. The person is healthy because of the presence of qi. Besides, qi can be regulated through acupuncture, massage and breath control. Chinese traditional medicines are also based on the thinking of qi. The concept of meditative and controlled breathing makes qi to permeate the entire body and it is synonymous with health and balance. The traditional art of Feng Shui has much to do with the flow of qi. Chi or qi is also linked with wealth, energy level, and luck. Similarly, Yin and Yang compliments each other and balances the life force. They are opposite and keep on balancing each other. These basic understandings have given birth to a certain life style to the people. Their traditional medical knowledge provides cure to the number of ailments ranging from liver, kidney, heart, lung and many more. The Confucius ideals of a perfect human being are described in the word Chun Tzu who is a perfect human being--a person who is magnanimous, mature, and respectful to others. These philosophical thinking has a significant contribution in present state of Chinese economic built-up. The modern China is built up on the principles of collaboration, cooperation and mutual respect. After reforms of 1978, the final decision maker in the Chinese market is consumer. With the advent of Chinese economy it has got intense support from the government endorsing the Confucius way of thinking giving freedom to a common man in decision making process. Current economic rise and making it the second largest economy of the world in purchasing power parity point of view has a lot to do in their old settings of environmental preferences. Ch inese economy has risen from the ashes in last 30 years like a phoenix producing a vast array of industrial and consumer goods using tools endowed by modern technology and proven management theories. India India is said to be a place of three oldest religions on this planet–Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. All these religions have further offshoots and traditions overtime. The religious traditions are highly deep routed in India and it is difficult to find any atheist in India. Indian affiliation to their religious traditions and faith is monumental. They always had full religious freedom even when the country was under the British rule. Pranayam (breathing exercise) and Yoga are two established traditions since several thousand years which has now spread all over the world in several variances. The culture of India is an amalgamation of many diverse stream of subcultures spread all over the subcontinent. Ayurved is very old Indian tradition of herbal medicines and treatment processes. Family concept has a key role to play in Indian cultures. Marriages are formed for life time and divorce rates are very low. Namaskar with folded hands is their way of greeting the people. Democratic setup in India is very strong unlike China where elections are still a far cry in the communist regime. The reason of democratic setup lies in their age old traditions of free movement and

Occupational Safety and Health Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Occupational Safety and Health - Essay Example Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health Administration). For achieving the specified reductions in the incidence of fatalities, injuries or illnesses OSHA will adopt a dynamic methodology for identifying and addressing the target sectors and hazards which require direct intervention. Though Direct Interventions are an integral part of workplace safety and health, however lasting solutions should be there for the employers, workers to inculcate the safety and healthy culture in the workplace. OSHA would ensure that the resources devoted to achieve this goal should have the ability to replicate the agency’s effectiveness through the instillation of safety and heath values among the broad population through strict compliance, innovation and dedication. OSHA should improve its intelligence gathering, analytical and evaluation capabilities and should also ensure that they inculcate in their staff the requisite knowledge, skills, diversity and the abilities to address the concerned health and safety issues through the use of informational technology and other supportive systems (U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety & Health

Gothic Tales and Edgar Allan Poe Essay Example for Free

Gothic Tales and Edgar Allan Poe Essay Compare The Tell-Tale Heart with The Black Cat. How, in these tales, does Poe draw on the Gothic tradition and take us into the tormented, diseased minds of his narrators In both The Tell-Tale Heat and The Black Cat there are many gothic effects used. For example, the gruesome concealment of the victims is described in a deadpan but detailed manner. In The Black Cat our narrator describes all of his options and then illustrates exactly how he carried it out, I easily dislodged the bricks, and, having carefully deposited the bodyHaving procured mortar, sand, and hairI prepared a plaster which could not be distinguished from the old Then in The Tell-Tale Heart he describes this concealment procedure again, I took up the flooringthen replaced the boards so cleverly so cunningly the no human eyecould have detected anything wrongnothing to wash outno blood-spot whatever. Both narrators seem proud at their astute covering-up of the innocent victims. The gruesome lexis, mixed with the matter-of-fact tone gives off a horrifyingly insane, but calm feel to the passage. Also the motives for the killing seemed irrational and over emotional in both stories. This is another typical Gothic characteristic. In The Tell-Tale Heart he says I loved the old mannever wronged menever given me insultOne of his eyes resembled that of a vulturetake the life of the old mad, and thus rid myself of the eye forever. His incentive was unreasonable; he states that there is no other reason than his eye. In The Black Cat his reason for the first killing of his cat Pluto was perversenessfor no other reason than because he knows he should not? In this part of the passage it seems strange as he seems to be excusing himself for the sin he is about to narrate to us. Then also at the end of the story when he kills his wife because she stopped him from killing the second cat he says, this blow was arrested by the hand of my wife. Goaded, by the interference, into a rage more than demoniacal buried the axe in her brain. She fell dead upon the spot. The lexis used here is brutal and infernal, typical of Gothic writers rage more than demoniacal references to the devil highlight the white hot anger surging inside the twisted narrator. The use of an unreliable, villainous storyteller was not a typical Gothic feature at the time but it has greatly influenced future authors who write in the Gothic style. In both tales the narrators give off an intensely nervous energy by using repetition and strong, unruly lexis. The first line of The Tell-Tale Heart sets the tone for the whole story instantly TRUE!-nervous-very, very dreadfully nervous I had been and am; but why will you say that I a mad? The dashes break up the sentences making them erratic; this is helped by the uneven sentence structure and the fusion of long and short clauses to make the whole pace of the story jerky and uneven. A typical Gothic feature that appears in only The Tell Tale Heart and not The Black Cat is the use of the night. The narrator describes how that every night, just at twelve, I looked in upon him while he slept. Also the murder itself was committed at night and the use of the disguise of darkness gives an eerie feel to the piece and emphasis the Gothic tone of the story. However in The Black Cat the story was described through the day and the night and the murders of both the narrators wife and cat were during the day. Although this was not traditionally Gothic, and the description of the gruesome death caused some sections of the story to be more in the genre of horror. An element of Gothic literature that was in The Black Cat and not The Tell Tale Heart was the use of omens, obviously the title itself was a bad omen at the time and the other story had no omens, other than the heart beat motif that causes the narrator to confess his sins to the police. The title itself was not the only omen used in The Black Cat; Poe writes about two other obvious omens in this tale. Firstly the large imprint of the figure of a gigantic cat There was a rope about the animals neck, this was left on the wall the night after our narrator had killed his cat, this is not a figment of his imagination though as other people around can see it; later on however the narrator describes a mark of white hair, which shows the image of a hideous -of a ghastly thing -of the GALLOWS! This is more likely to be an illusion as the remorse builds up inside him. But he describes it as terrible engine of Horror and of Crime -of Agony and of Death! The lexis used here is full of anger and is very strong. The capitalisation of the more significantly brutal words personifies these aspects and emphasises the narrators fear of the cat and of guilt. Poe uses many different techniques to suck the reader into the mind of his narrators. For example in the The Tell Tale Heart he describes his disease to the reader and excuses his actions. The disease has sharpened my senses, not destroyed, not dulled them. This line shows how the narrator is quite openely conceited. His insanity is revealed to us in a number of ways, firstly the deadpan tone of many parts of the passage give the reader an eery feeling of calm, that causes a disturbing sensation, such as when the narrator is describing his method of concealing his victims corpse, I took up three planksdeposited allthen replaced the boards This use of everyday lexis deposited almost makes us forget that he is talking about a corpse, it makes the whole procedure sound mundane, which gives the impression of madness but also numbness to the narrator. Secondly, his lunacy is exposed to us as the character of the narrator is unravelled through the story. Throughout, hints are dropped as to the overconfidence of our narrator, repetition of various phrases. what had I now to fear? and then again when the officers arrived, for what had I to fear? This reiteration of egotism makes us feel as if the narrator is reassuring himself that he is confident, and suggests to the reader that he has inexplicable insecurities lying beneath his cool exterior. Also in The Tell Tale Heart Poe uses many capitalised words and short, broken phrases to speed up the pace of parts of the account. They heard! they suspected! they KNEW! This shows how truly nervous and petrified the narrator is, and with the staggered, gaunt sentence structure makes the reader feel the same way, even if not to the same extent. A way in which The Black Cats method of pulling the reader into the mindset of a murderous narrator is near the beginning we are given some background about the narrators life. In The Tell Tale Heart we were given no information about setting or circumstance to help us detail our image. I find that this helps more as we have more pictures painted to us and these can then feed our imagination to produce a far more complex, but realistic understanding of the narrators mental situation. I was especially fond of animals, This line is quite ironic, as we learn from the rest of the story he seems to, infact, have a severe problem with cats. The way in which Poe implies the insanity of the narrator is in the language used to describe his cats. sagacious to an astnoishing degree His strange attachment to the cat gave the narrator an untrustworthy and evil feel. Then when he describes his motives for hanging his first cat, Pluto, this insinuates utter, pschotic madness, the spirit of PERVERSENESShave we not a perpetual inclinationto violate that which is Law This strange, confused motive gives the narrator a trace of humanity, but more of a childlike malevolence which emitts an air of wickedness. This infantile but wicked narrator, I find, is more chilling than the more simple, insane and evil narrator in The Tell Tale Heart, because of its uncanny likeness to reality. A similarity between The Black Cat and The Tell Tale Heart is that both narrators have a sense of superiority about them and this strong impression of narcissism makes the reader feel overwhelmed by malice and also builds up a strong feeling of resentment to their disagreeable characters. In both stories, the narrators end with a confession to their terrible deeds, both obviously caused by insolence and bravado. Another feature that is in The Black Cat but not The Tell Tale Heart is the sense of paranoia given off by the narrator, about the mark of white hair on his second cats chest, the markof which I have spokenassumed a rigorous distinctness of outlinethe image of a hideous- of a ghastly thing of the GALLOWS! This paranoia of an omen about the sadistic murder of Pluto blatently lays out the narrators madness and causes the reader to feel possibly more sympathetic, but more likely, to feel more estranged from the narrator. In conclusion I found the ways in which we were drawn into the psychotic mind of our killers were more effective in The Black Cat, as some were more subtle, but the more obvious ones were easier to spot and gave a more definite and outlined picture of the narrators psyche. However, I found that the typical Gothic features used in The Tell Tale Heart made it more Gothic than in The Black Cat and also made the tale more chilling, even if not as gruesome or detailed as The Black Cat.

What Is Leadership And The Leadership Styles Management Essay

What Is Leadership And The Leadership Styles Management Essay Introduction: Definition: 1. Leadership is stated as the process of social influence in which one person can enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. Chemers, M. M. (2002). 2.Leadership is ultimately about creating a way for people to contribute to making something extraordinary happen Kouzes, J., and Posner, B. (2007). 3. Leadership is a function of knowing yourself, having a vision that is well communicated, building trust among colleagues, and taking effective action to realize your own leadership potential.(Warren Bennis) 4. Leadership is the process through which an individual tries to influence another individual or a group of individuals to accomplish a goal. (Blake, R.; Mouton, J. (1964) What is leadership? Leaders always have an impact on our lives. The leader affects us in our daily life and in our future too. Whether it good time or bad time. Theres always a need of a good leadership. The success of the business or industry depends upon the leader which you have chosen for the task and what leadership style he or she adopts. Leadership is in which you lead the whole group of peoples whether in business industries or sports. The contribution of the leadership should be effective in all the situations. In leadership a person who is leader should always have vision about the future he should forecast and should know the upcoming conditions and situation in the market or industry. For affective leadership the leader should have good skills in communication and convincing other people and also should have humility when he is treating people. The theory of leadership say leader always has great ideas but most of time ideas come from someone else. So leader should always have people around him who can generate ideas. For good leadership leader should have qualities such as good communication, well planner, decision making, flexible, intelligent, handworker, good company, friendly, sense of humor, good looks, punctual, management skills, leadership qualities, vision and Listening qualities. Leadership style: There are four leadership style, 1.Autocratic leadership 2.Persuasive leadership 3.Consultative leadership 4.Democratic leadership ( Kurt lewin. 1939) Autocratic leadership: Autocratic leadership style is one of the most oldest leadership style. This autocratic style has been seen in classical era when the industrialist use to take decision on their own. Autocratic leadership has following characteristics. In autocratic leadership the owner or the manager tries to make as many decisions as he can. He or she does not consult with anyone. In autocratic leadership the owner seem to have the most authority and he has full control on the decision making. When owner is making decision he or she does not care whether this will be acceptable by the other or not. Usually in this style owner want to have all authority with him he does not want to distribute the authority to different people. In this leadership style consultation with the member or colleagues is very low and decision making become a solitary process. In this style the main defect is that all the managers have less concern in investing their own idea. They just prefer to work on task which is assign to them. This trend of leadership style is used in traditional organization. Persuasive leadership: Persuasive leadership style is in which before making any decision the owner or the manager call a meeting in which everyone is setting. The point is raised in the meeting everyone participates in the decision making. After the decisions which are made is implemented. The positive thing of this leadership style is that everyone gives its ideas lots of ideas are generated. Everyone interest is developed in the decision which is going on. This tread of leadership style is used in the modern organization. Where fast decision have to be made like Symantec Corporation, Microsoft, software house, IT field organizations. Consultative leadership: Consultative leadership style is that the leader shares the problem with his team members or the subordinates but not in meeting or gathering. The leader shares the problem individually. Leader sends the problem to each member and takes individual decision, suggestions and ideas from them. After getting the decision from everyone the manager work on it and makes the decision out of it. Which reflect team member participation. This leadership style is good but may be sometime it could not work accordingly because in the manager is the only one who is making all the decision. Democratic leadership: Democratic mean characterized by or advocating or based upon the principles of democracy or social equality (George du Maurier) Democratic leadership style is one of the best leadership styles because in it the leader is not involved. This leadership style works like if there is some problem the leader will share the problem with the subordinates or members as group. After that leader doesnt involve in it. The group member sit together they make discussions and they try to generate alternatives after those generating alternatives they evaluate the alternatives and try to reach the agreement or solution. The leader does not participate in all the process and he is ready to accept solution which the group has made and he implement any solution that has support of all the group. Leadership skill ,traits and attributes: SKILLS: 1.Understand the needs and characteristics of the post 2.Knowing and using the resource of group 3.Controlling the group performance 4.Evaluating 5.Representing the group 6.Communication 7.Planning 8.Setting example 9.Counseling 10.Effective teaching. Understand the needs and characteristics of the post: Each participant or individual have needs so as a leader he or she should understand wants of every person. Before that leader should know what are his or her needs. Leader should know what people want from him. This helps the leader in planning the work and making it done from the employees. This understanding creates trust and built a strong relationship between the employees. Leader should know why he is joining the post. What really post demand from him or her. What are the major interests of the job and what are the future plans which he or she has to implement. Knowing and using the resource of the group: Resources is all that which are required to do a job. Resources also include people because people have knowledge and skill. Knowledge is what a person learns from path experience and skill is the ability to do what you want. Leader usually uses the knowledge and skills of the group to get the job done. Leader usually develop positive attitude towards skills. Leader should know what person is good for what job. In what skill he is best so he should be given that job in which his skill can be most used. Controlling the group performance: A leader increase the performance of the group and employees participants through his or her actions. A leader is an engine and employees are like boxes which are following them. Group best work when everyone has on direction and they want to achieve one thing. Controlling is a function which is performed by leader to see whether the group is working in right direction or not. Through controlling leader keep watch on the group. Setting example is the best way to control the group. Group can be controlled through following ways 1.Continually keeping an eye on the activities of the employees. 2. Knowing the attitude of the group 3.Giving instruction clear and pertinent 4.Help someone who is in need of it. 5. Quickly deal with the problem Evaluating: Evaluation helps to know the performance of the group and people working together. Evaluation suggests in which way we can improvement of the group performance. There are question to evaluate for getting the job done. What was the job? Was the job done right? Was the job done on time? Keeping the group together- Were relationships between group participants helped or hurt? Was participation equally distributed among group Participants? Did the group enjoy the activity? Did the group handle conflicts well? Representing the group: Leader of the group represents the group in meeting or any other gathering. Leader represents his group in two ways without consultation and with consultation without consultation: without consultation mean that leader does not consult the decision with the group. He represents the group without their ideas with consultation: when the leader represents the group with consulting with the group. He represents the decision which is made by the group. Communication: Leader should have good communication skills because he has to communicate with his subordinates and he or she also has to answer people working over him. Communication is very important because without communication leader cannot convey his message. To improve the communication skill the leader should always listen carefully to the subordinates and make notes of everything. Always be sure before speaking. Speak slow and clearly. Planning: Leader should have planning abilities. To improve the abilities leader should know what the objectives are and how he or she has to achieve it. Should know all the skills, equipments, knowledge and attitude. Should consider the alternative and then should evaluate the each option. After that execute and in the last evaluate the plan. Setting example: Leader should be setting example. He or she should do work in front of the employees so that they can learn from it. Counseling: Counseling is very important it help people to solve the problems counseling also help to encourage people. Counseling can be effective when person cannot make decision and when he is confused. Effective teaching: effective teaching is a process of increasing the knowledge and skills. Effective teaching includes choosing the learning objectives. Demonstrating or explaining the skills. Allowing the learner to practice the skills and evaluating the process. Traits: A leader should be honest with his work and his subordinates. Should be competent for the job. Always have forward looking. Should be intelligent. Leader should always be fair minded and also broad minded. Leader should be straight forward and leader should have vision so he can lead the employees with him. Attributes: Attributes establish what leaders are and every leader needs three attributes. 1. Standard barrier 2.Developer 3.Integrator 4. Understands people Standard barrier: Is establishing the ethical frame work within an organization. This demand a commitment to live and defend the climate and culture that you want to permeate your organization (U.S. Army Handbook (1973). Developer: It helps through teaching, training and coaching. This creates a good place to learn and work. Coaching helps other to learn or understand the skill. Employees who work for developers know that they can take risks. Integrators: Success can only be achieved when everyone is working in right direction. Integrators predict problems which will occur and make their presence felt during critical times. Understands people : Leader should understand people which are working under it. Leader should involve employees for the decision making. If leader understand and work with them they can easily achieve organization goals. Impact of leadership according to skills and traits for success: Leader are not made over night. It takes time to develop skills to become a successful leader. If a leader has good skills he can have successful leadership. The impact of the skills for the success of the leader is if a leader understands the needs and characteristics of the post he can understand his work more properly. If the leader of the group understands the work properly he can guide his subordinates well and further subordinates can teach lower employees. Leader should know the needs of the post. Because if a leader does not have information about the job. He cannot take all employees with himself. There will be no clear goal for the employees. Due to this skill he can know what he has to give to employees and what he wants in return from them. If a leader has skill of knowing and using the resource of group he can easily take work form people. Through this skill leader can know what the group is capable of. So if he or she wants to take work out of them he or she knows up to what level they can do. Controlling group performance skill is also very important skill. If this skill of the leader is good he can maintain the group performance. He will boost or motivate that person who is not working well so that he work up to the standard of the group and all group work together and give 100% out of it to achieve goal. If a leader has evaluating skill he can easily evaluate what is the working performance of the group. He can also evaluate the individual performance of the employee. In evaluation skill the leader can see what was the job how it been done. How much time it took to complete the job? So through this skill leader can finish his work and group work on time. If a leader has presenting skills he can present himself in a good way to the group and can represent group in a good way. Good communication is the most important skill needed by the leader because a leader has to communication with everyone. If a leader has a good communication skill he can u nderstand employees very well I can know the need of the employees and he can give direction easily. Planning is also a important skill for the leader because through planning leader can know what new step he has to take. Through planning he can forecast what will be the upcoming environment of the organizational section. Planning can really help the leader. Leader who has counseling skill will never get short of idea because through counseling he will get different idea from different people and those idea will help the leader to make new decision. If leader is honest everyone will trust him and he will have respect in his colleagues. If leader is hard working and competent then can easily gain success over his competitors. If leader is forward looking he can easily predict about the upcoming future. So he can think according to it. If leader is intelligent and has vision he can easily take his organization to next level. Leadership theories: There are four leadership theories: 1.Trait theory 2.Behaviour theory 3.Contingent theory 4.Transformation theory Trait theory: In early day people use to think that people are born with inherited traits and some are suitable for leadership and people who become good leader have right combination of traits. In 1974 stogdill identified the following traits and skills as critical to leaders. Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant Energetic Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Skills Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Persuasive Socially skill Behavior theory: They assumption of the behavior theory is that leader can be made rather than born. Behavioral theories of leadership say that leaders are not born by birth. Behavior theory doesnt seek inborn traits and capabilities. Behavior theory says that you can learn leadership capabilities rather adopting them. Contingent theory: They assumption of contingent theory is there is no one best way to lead in the situations. There may be one style successful in one situation but May not work in the other. This theory tends to focus on more leadership style for success. This theory says that leader should act according to situation and should adopt different leadership style for success. Transformation theory: Transformation theory assumptions are that people follow that person who inspires them. Person with vision or passion can achieve great things. The style of transformational leader is great because it put passion and energy in everything. They care about you and want you to succeed in life. Transformation theory is that a leader develops a vision and then sells the vision by telling people what they have to achieve by motivating them. Then he or she find way forward mean he know how to lead. After that he remains centre of action. In transformation theory leader motivates people to achieve the goal. Leadership style you like: The leadership style which I like is transformation leadership because everything just revolve around you. You are the center of everything. You are the person who gives innovative idea to the people or vision then you know the way how you have to achieve this goal. After that you take the charge and you put energy in people which are working with you. You motivate them and you put this idea in their mind that success will be in the end. You take each and every person with you. This is why I like transformation leadership because you are the active member. Stages of group development: There are five stages of development: 1. Forming 2. Storming 3.Norming 4.Performing forming: Forming is where group is formed to achieve a task or to solve a problem. In this members have desire to be in the group. Member gets oriented to the task as well as to one other. Basically in forming group of people is gathering to achieve or discuss a goal. Storming: In this group member attempt to organize for the task. Individual have to mold their feeling and attitude for organization objective. In storming question are raised that who will be responsible for which thing. What will be the rules? What will be the reward system? There might be conflicts over leadership, structure and power. To move to next stage member should develop problem solving mentality. Norming: In norming group member share their idea so that they can reach to some decision. Everyone in willing to change their idea on fact and figure presented my other group members. During this stage member develop a scene of group. They try to understand other point of view. performing: In performing the group members works collaboratively and member care for everyone in the group. The group establishes a unique identity and members are interdependent. I performing member find solution to problem using appropriate control and they try to find effective and satisfactory results. Belbins team role theory: 1.Co-ordinator 2.Sharper 3.plant 4.Resource investigator 5.Company worker 6.Monitor / evaluator 7.Team worker 8.Completer finisher. 9Specialist. Coordinator: A coordinator is a person who is leader in the group. This person is trusted, accepted and is committed to team goals and objectives. Coordinator is a person who listen everyone . Sharper: Shaper is person who motivates the team member for the goal they have to achieve. Usually there are two to three sharper. Plant: Plan is a person with high IQ. Plans are more related to major issues. Plant takes approaches to team functioning and problems. Resource Investigator: Resource investigator is a person who is always busy because he is in search of opportunities and develops plans. They are usually very social people. They usually work outside the group. Company worker/implementer: Company worker works for the team in practical way. They work of the task with is given to them and implementer are those who figure prominently in position of responsibility in large organization. Monitor / evaluator: monitor or evaluator is a person who sees the work of the people. Monitor evaluators contribute particularly at times of crucial decision making because they are capable of evaluating competing proposals. West. M (1994) Team worker: Team worker are whose people with are working in teams. The keep the spirit of the up and allow members to contribute freely. They have skill of listening, coping. Completer/finisher: They made steady effort and they work consistently. They give attention to the details. They check work in the end that whether its completed correctly or not. Specialist: Specialist is a person who provides knowledge and techniques which are rarely supplied. They are master of their field.